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Kerala PSC General Science Book Study Materials Page 454
Book's First PageBOTANY Botany, also called plant science(s) or plant biology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS While there are many ways to structure plant classification, one way is to group them into vascular and non-vascular plants, seed bearing and spore bearing, and angiosperms and gymnosperms. Plants can also be classified as grasses, herbaceous plants, woody shrubs, and trees. Vascular: plants that use roots and stems to Grasses: plants that have slender leaves and take in water and nutrients reproduce by sending out underground stems called rhizomes that usually grow horizontally Non-vascular: plants that don’t use roots and stems Herbaceous plants: those with leaves and stems that die at the end of the growing season Angiosperms: also known as flowering plants; all have seeds that are protected by an Woody shrubs: plants that have stems that are ovule (think of an apple or other fruit). covered by a layer of bark Gymnosperms: a term meaning “naked seed;” Trees: woody shrubs that have a main trunk refers to plants with seeds that aren’t protected and many branches by an ovule. Examples are conifers, which have pinecones. PLANT MORPHOLOGY or Phytomorphology It is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants. It is useful in the visual identification of plants. The concept was put in circulation by the author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, in the early 1800s. Plant anatomy or phytotomy is the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants. Morphology of Flowering Plants The flowering plants, also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with about 350,000 species. Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants. Their reproductive structures are flowers in which the ovules are enclosed in an ovary. Adaptation: Any alteration in the structure or function of an organism or any of its part that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and Basically, the external structure of flowering multiply in its environment. plant is divided into two systems : root system (underground), shoot system (aerial) 453