CHEMISTRY
It is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of
matter.
MATTER AND ITS STATES
Matter The inter-molecular force of attraction for
liquid matter is weaker than solid matter.
Matter is anything that has mass and e.g. mercury, bromine, water, milk
occupies space. When a substance goes
from one state of matter to another, the Gas
process is called a change of state, or Gases are matter having neither a fixed
phase change. shape nor a fixed volume. They are very
Two major categories of classification of easy to compress.
matter are physical classification and Not only will a gas conform to the shape
chemical classification. of its container but it will also expand to
Physical Classification: Solid, Liquid, Gas fill the container.
and Plasma The inter-molecular force of attraction for
Chemical Classification : Pure Substances gaseous matter is negligible.
and Mixture e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium
etc.
Physical Classification of Matter
Plasma
Solid
A plasma is an ionized gas, a gas into
Solids are matter having fixed shape, fixed which sufficient energy is provided to free
volume and are almost impossible to electrons from atoms or molecules and to
compress. allow both species, ions and electrons, to
Solids are composed of particles which are coexist.
very near to each other. Plasmas are electrically conductive,
It can only change their shape by force, as produce magnetic fields and electric
when broken or cut. currents, and respond strongly to
e.g. Iron, cobalt, zink, nickle, gold, silver, electromagnetic forces.
radium etc. Bose–Einstein condensate
Liquid It is a state of matter of a dilute gas of
bosons cooled to temperatures very close
Liquids are matter having a fixed volume to absolute zero (that is, very near 0 K or
but no fixed shape – they take the shape of −273.16 °C). Under such conditions, a
the container. Liquids are very difficult to large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest
compress. quantum state, at which point macroscopic
Liquids are composed of higher energy quantum phenomena become apparent.
particles which overcome their mutual This form of matter was predicted in 1924
forces of attraction and move by Albert Einstein on the basis of the
independently. quantum formulations of the Indian
The volume is definite if the temperature physicist Satyendra Nath Bose.
and pressure are constant.
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