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Kerala PSC General Science Book Study Materials Page 256
Book's First PageCHEMISTRY It is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. MATTER AND ITS STATES Matter The inter-molecular force of attraction for liquid matter is weaker than solid matter. Matter is anything that has mass and e.g. mercury, bromine, water, milk occupies space. When a substance goes from one state of matter to another, the Gas process is called a change of state, or Gases are matter having neither a fixed phase change. shape nor a fixed volume. They are very Two major categories of classification of easy to compress. matter are physical classification and Not only will a gas conform to the shape chemical classification. of its container but it will also expand to Physical Classification: Solid, Liquid, Gas fill the container. and Plasma The inter-molecular force of attraction for Chemical Classification : Pure Substances gaseous matter is negligible. and Mixture e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium etc. Physical Classification of Matter Plasma Solid A plasma is an ionized gas, a gas into Solids are matter having fixed shape, fixed which sufficient energy is provided to free volume and are almost impossible to electrons from atoms or molecules and to compress. allow both species, ions and electrons, to Solids are composed of particles which are coexist. very near to each other. Plasmas are electrically conductive, It can only change their shape by force, as produce magnetic fields and electric when broken or cut. currents, and respond strongly to e.g. Iron, cobalt, zink, nickle, gold, silver, electromagnetic forces. radium etc. Bose–Einstein condensate Liquid It is a state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very close Liquids are matter having a fixed volume to absolute zero (that is, very near 0 K or but no fixed shape – they take the shape of −273.16 °C). Under such conditions, a the container. Liquids are very difficult to large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest compress. quantum state, at which point macroscopic Liquids are composed of higher energy quantum phenomena become apparent. particles which overcome their mutual This form of matter was predicted in 1924 forces of attraction and move by Albert Einstein on the basis of the independently. quantum formulations of the Indian The volume is definite if the temperature physicist Satyendra Nath Bose. and pressure are constant. 255