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Kerala PSC General Science Book Study Materials Page 10
Book's First PageLorentz transformations instead of Newtonian mechanics, Einstein discovered an unexpected by-product of these calculations to be an E mc 2 energy term which does not vanish at zero speed. He called it rest mass energy - energy Where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the which every mass must possess even when speed of light. The speed of light = 299 792 being at rest. The amount of energy is directly 458 m/s = 2.9 x 108 m/s proportional to the mass of body: Kinetic Energy (Ek) Potential Energy (Ep) The energy of a body or a system with respect to Potential Energy is the stored energy in an the motion of the body or of the particles in the object or system because of its position or system. configuration. Kinetic energy can be transferred from one Potential energy cannot be transferred. moving object to another. Flowing water, such as when falling from a Water at the top of a waterfall, before the waterfall. precipice. Kinetic energy (KE) or Ek= 1⁄2 mv2 Potential energy (PE) or Ep = mgh (m= mass, v= velocity) (m=mass, g= gravity, h= height) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY “Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it Examples : can only be changed from one form to another.” - Albert Einstein A television changes electrical energy into sound and light energy. It states that the total energy of an isolated system cannot change. It is said to be A toaster changes electrical energy into conserved over time. Energy cannot be created thermal energy and light. or destroyed, but can change form; for instance, chemical energy can be converted to A car changes chemical energy from fuel into kinetic energy. thermal energy and mechanical energy. Energy Transformation Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of a substance’s atoms and molecules. Atoms and Energy can change from one type to molecules are constantly in motion. When another. This is called an energy thermal energy causes particles to move faster conversion or energy transformation. and farther apart, the result is a phase change In energy transformations, some energy is (or change of state). always lost to the environment as thermal energy. 9