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Kerala PSC General Science Book Study Materials Page 8
Book's First PageNewton"s Third Law of Motion If the dynamics of a system is described by a differential equation (or a system of Every action have equal and opposite differential equations), then equilibria can reaction. be estimated by setting a derivative (all The third law states that all forces exist in derivatives) to zero. pairs: if one object A exerts a force FA on a second object B, then B simultaneously There are three states of equilibrium: exerts a force FB on A, and the two forces are equal and opposite: FA = −FB 1. Neutral equilibrium means that, with a The third law can be used to explain the small deviation, the body remains in generation of lift by a wing and the equilibrium. An example is a wheel rolling production of thrust by a jet engine. on a horizontal surface. If you stop it at any point, the wheel will be in a state of Momentum (p) equilibrium. A ball lying on a flat horizontal surface is in a state of neutral It refers to the quantity of motion that an equilibrium. object has. It can be also defined as "mass 2. Unstable equilibrium means that, with a in motion." small deviation of the body from the Linear momentum or translational equilibrium state, forces emerge which momentum is the product of the mass and tend to increase this deviation. A ball velocity of an object. located at the top of a spherical projection It is a vector quantity. is an example of unstable equilibrium. 3. Stable equilibrium means that, with small p mv deviations of the body from this state, Where p = linear momentum, m = mass, v forces or moments of forces emerge which = velocity tend to return the body to the state of equilibrium. A ball located at the bottom Impulse (I) or (J) of a spherical deepening is in a state of stable equilibrium. It is defined as the integral of a force with respect to time, which gives you the Friction (μ) change in the momentum of the body being acted on by the force. It is the force between surfaces in contact Its unit is newton second (Ns) that resists their relative tangential motion The quantity of impulse is force × time (slipping). interval. The force of friction is a force that resists motion when two objects are in contact. Inertia Friction is high for dry and rough surfaces and low for smooth and wet surfaces. It is the resistance of any physical object Rolling Friction occurs when an object to any change in its state of motion (this rolls over another (something with wheels includes changes to its speed, direction or or that is circular like a ball). e.g. riding a state of rest). motorcycle It is the tendency of objects to keep Fluid Friction occurs when an object moving in a straight line at constant moves through a fluid, meaning either a velocity. liquid or gas. e.g. skydiving, swimming Sliding Friction occurs when solid Equilibrium surfaces slide over each other. e.g. falling on the pavement It is the condition of a system when Lubricated friction is a case of fluid neither its state of motion nor its internal friction where a fluid separates two solid energy state tends to change with time. surfaces. 7