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PYQ 1200 Q/A Part - 1
PYQ 1200 Q/A Part - 2
PYQ 1200 Q/A Part - 3
PYQ 1200 Q/A Part - 4
PYQ 1200 Q/A Part - 5
Kerala PSC Indian History Book Study Materials Page 1210
Book's First Pageprevious phase by Firoz Tughluq, who granted a series of concessions to the officers. Fixation of the estimated revenues of the iqtas was done permanently, thus allowing the muqtis to appropriate all the increases of revenue. The posts and the assignments were made practically hereditary. These changes, introduced by Firoz, were continued by all his successors. All the above developments in the iqta system were basically due to the changes in the composition of the nobility under the Delhi Sultans. The nobility was initially monopolised by the Turks, but gradually others like the Persians, Afghans, Abyssinians, and Indian Muslims, entered the nobility, thus making it more cosmopolitan and heterogeneous. The entry of new elements into the nobility under the Khaljis and early Tughluqs enabled the Sultans to increase their control over the iqta system, but once the new elements got themselves strengthened they demanded more powers and privileges, thus resulting in the liberalisation and decentralisation of the iqta system by Firoz Tughluq. Improvement of Agriculture The Sultans undertook efforts to enhance agricultural production by providing irrigational facilities and by advancing takkavi loans for different agricultural purposes. They also encouraged peasants to cultivate cash crops instead of food crops, and superior crops (wheat) in place of inferior ones (barley). There was an overall improvement in the quality of Indian fruits and the system of gardening. Waste lands were granted to different people thereby extending the cultivated area. GROWTH OF COMMERCE AND URBANIZATION Growth of Urban Centres The 13th and 14th centuries saw the rise and growth of several towns and cities in India. For instance, Lahore and Multan (modem Pakistan); Broach,