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Kerala PSC English Grammar Book Study Materials 1 Page 62
Book's First PageAN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR & LANGUAGE Example: Example: The boy was laughed by most of his friends. Rahul says, “I want to visit Mumbai.” – Direct Speech In this sentence, Preposition ‘at’ should be used after Rahul says that he wants to visit Mumbai. – Indirect ‘laughed’; because ‘at’ is the Preposition that is followed Speech after ‘laughed’. Some Important Facts on Narration The correct form of the sentence will be – 1. Look at the following sentence. The boy was laughed at by most of his friends. Raju said, “I am happy.” Likewise, The first part of the sentence – ‘Raju said’ is called Active: He laughed at the beggar. Reporting speech / Reporting clause / Reporting verb, ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ etc. Subject Verb Preposition Object The second part of the sentence – ‘I am happy’ is Passive: The beggar was laughed at called Reported speech / Reported clause / Reported state- ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ment, etc. Subject To be Verb3 Preposition 2. Reported speech can be used at the beginning / by him. end / middle of the sentence. ̄ ̄ Examples: by Agent The principal said, “The school shall remain Let us look at a few Verbs that first take a Preposition closed for a month.” and then the Object. “Let’s go for long drive”, he said to his friends. look at + Object look after + Object “Shakespeare”, said the teacher, “was a look down upon + Object laugh at + Object world-famous dramatist”. smile at + Object ride at + Object mock at + Object fire at + Object GENERAL RULES OF NARRATION travel by + Object driven by + Object A. Direct Narration into Indirect Narration came on + Object sing to + Object In order to convert Direct Narration into Indirect Nar- take for + Object ignorant of + Object ration, there are certain rules which are applicable for all written in + Object kinds of sentences. These rules are called General rules. 1. The inverted commas (“ ”) used in Direct Narration NARRATION are removed while changing the sentence into Indirect Nar- ration. Narration means something that is narrated, an ac- Example: count of, detailing an event, etc. The word ‘narration’ is Direct Narration: She says, “I am late”. taken from the word ‘narrate’, which means ‘to give an Indirect Narration: She says that she is late. account or tell something’. (Here, inverted commas (“ ”) has been removed.) The other synonyms of ‘narration’ are – Statement, 2. When the Reporting Verb is in the Present Tense of Assertion, Declaration, etc. Future Tense, there is no change in the Verb of the Re- Direct Narration states the statement of person, ex- ported Speech. actly the same, spoken by him or her. This statement is Examples: put within inverted commas (“ ”). Direct Narration: He says, “Ruchi goes early”. Example: Indirect Narration: He says that Ruchi goes early. Sita said, “I have seen Hanuman.” Direct Narration: Kumar will say, “Prakash is always The sentence contains the statement as said by Sita – angry”. “I have seen Hanuman”, which in Direct Narration. Indirect Narration: Kumar will say that Prakash is Indirect Narration states the statement of a person, always angry. which we analyse or interpret in our own words or just 3. When the Reporting Verb is in the Past Tense, a narrate or summarise the principal motive of the speaker. few changes take place in the Tense of the Verb of the Example: Reported Speech. Sonia said that she was late for the meeting. (a) Present Indefinite changes into Past Indefinite Tense. The sentence focuses the statement of Sonia, which Example: we expressed in our own words. This sentence is said to Direct Narration: You said, “I never go there”. be in Indirect Narration. Indirect Narration: You said that you never went there. Kinds of Narration (b) Present Imperfect changes into Past Imperfect Tense. When a speech is quoted in the actual words used by Example: the speaker, it is called the Direct Speech or Narration. But when the speech is reported in the form of a narra- Direct Narration: Saroj said, “I am willing tive, giving the substance or meaning or the words used ̄ ̄ by the speaker, without quoting his actual words, it is Past Tense Present Imperfect called the Indirect Speech or Narration. to go there”. SEE–69