AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR & LANGUAGE
     3. According to the Subject made in the Passive, there      Subject1 + has / have + been + Verb3 + (by + agent)
is the usage of the helping Verb. If it is not the helping       Example:
Verb ‘to be’, then according to the helping Verb present         Active: Seema has bought a nail polish.
there, a form of ‘to be’ is taken into usage.
     4. After ‘to be’ there is the usage of Verb3.
                                                                             ̄      ̄       ̄         ̄
     5. Preposition ‘by’ is used before the Object made in               Subject has Verb3         Object
the Passive. This (by + Object) is also known as (by +           Passive: A nail polish has been bought by Seema.
Agent), which is completely optional.                                            ̄          ̄     ̄       ̄        ̄    ̄
     Let us look at that usage of these rules through these                 Subject1     has   been   Verb3    by Agent
examples.                                                        Likewise,
     Active: Sekhar called Chandra.                              Active: Narayan has cheated Pallavi.
     Passive: Chandra was called by Sekhar.                      Passive: Pallavi has been cheated by Narayan.
     Active: Raja invited Kaushik on his birthday.               Note that, no Passive formation is allowed in Present
     Passive: Kaushik was invited by Raja on his birthday.   Perfect Continuous Tense.
                     TENSE AND VOICE                             (d) Past Indefinite
     There are eight forms of Tenses used in Passive Voice.      The construction of Active Voice here is –
     (a) Present Indefinite                                      Subject + Verb2 + Object
     The construction of Active Voice here is –                  The construction of Passive Voice here is –
     Subject + Verb1 / Verb5 + Object                            Subject1 + was / were + Verb3 + (by + agent)
     The construction of Passive Voice here is –                 Example:
     Subject1 + am / is / are + Verb3 + (by + agent)             Active: The Deccan Chargers won the IPL trophy.
     Here, S1 is the Subject of the Passive and (by + Agent)
is optional.
                                                                                ̄                  ̄          ̄
     Examples:                                                               Subject                 Verb3      Object
     Active: She          loves     you.                         Passive: The IPL trophy was      won by the Deccan
                  ̄          ̄          ̄                                             ̄           ̄     ̄      ̄        ̄
             Subject Verb5         Object                                     Subject1      was Verb3    by    Agent
     Passive: You are loved by her.                              Chargers.
                 ̄       ̄       ̄      ̄     ̄                       Likewise,
           Subject1 are Verb3 by Agent                           Active: She sold a jewellery.
     Likewise,                                                   Passive: A jewellery was sold by her.
     Active : Hira      calls    Simpy.                          (e) Past Imperfect
                  ̄        ̄        ̄                               The construction of Active Voice here is –
             Subject Verb5 Object                                Subject + was / were + Verb (+ing) + Object
     Passive: Simpy is called by           Hira.                 The construction of Passive Voice here is –
                    ̄        ̄      ̄      ̄     ̄                    Subject1 + was / were + being + Verb3 + (by + agent)
                Subject1 is Verb3 by Agent                       Example:
     (b) Present Imperfect                                       Active: Karuna was         practising    tennis.
     The construction of Active Voice here is –                               ̄         ̄          ̄           ̄
     Subject + am / is / are + Verb (+ing) + Object                        Subject was       Verb (+ing) Object
     The construction of Passive Voice here is –                 Passive: Tennis was being practised by Karuna.
     Subject1 + am / is / are + being + Verb3 + (by +                          ̄       ̄           ̄           ̄      ̄
agent)                                                                     Subject1 was being + Verb3 by         Agent
     Example:                                                    Likewise,
     Active: Sonu is          singing a song.                    Active: Pinki was making a doll.
                 ̄      ̄          ̄          ̄                      Passive: A doll was being made by Pinki.
            Subject is Verb (+ing) Object                        (f) Past Perfect
                                                                 The construction of Active Voice here is –
     Passive: A song is being sung by Sonu.
                                                                 Subject + had + Verb2 + Object
                    ̄        ̄      ̄      ̄       ̄     ̄             The construction of Passive Voice here is –
               Subject1 is being sung by Agent                   Subject1 + had been + Verb3 + (by + agent)
     Likewise,                                                   Example:
     Active: They are playing chess.                             Active:    He    had called        her.
     Passive: Chess is being played by them.                                  ̄      ̄        ̄         ̄
     (c) Present Perfect                                                  Subject had      Verb3 Object
     The construction of Active Voice here is –                  Passive: She had been called by him.
     Subject + has / have + Verb3 Object                                     ̄      ̄       ̄       ̄       ̄     ̄
     The construction of Passive Voice here is –                        Subject1 had    been   Verb3   by   Agent
                                                         SEE–64