AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR & LANGUAGE
3. According to the Subject made in the Passive, there Subject1 + has / have + been + Verb3 + (by + agent)
is the usage of the helping Verb. If it is not the helping Example:
Verb ‘to be’, then according to the helping Verb present Active: Seema has bought a nail polish.
there, a form of ‘to be’ is taken into usage.
4. After ‘to be’ there is the usage of Verb3.
̄ ̄ ̄ ̄
5. Preposition ‘by’ is used before the Object made in Subject has Verb3 Object
the Passive. This (by + Object) is also known as (by + Passive: A nail polish has been bought by Seema.
Agent), which is completely optional. ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄
Let us look at that usage of these rules through these Subject1 has been Verb3 by Agent
examples. Likewise,
Active: Sekhar called Chandra. Active: Narayan has cheated Pallavi.
Passive: Chandra was called by Sekhar. Passive: Pallavi has been cheated by Narayan.
Active: Raja invited Kaushik on his birthday. Note that, no Passive formation is allowed in Present
Passive: Kaushik was invited by Raja on his birthday. Perfect Continuous Tense.
TENSE AND VOICE (d) Past Indefinite
There are eight forms of Tenses used in Passive Voice. The construction of Active Voice here is –
(a) Present Indefinite Subject + Verb2 + Object
The construction of Active Voice here is – The construction of Passive Voice here is –
Subject + Verb1 / Verb5 + Object Subject1 + was / were + Verb3 + (by + agent)
The construction of Passive Voice here is – Example:
Subject1 + am / is / are + Verb3 + (by + agent) Active: The Deccan Chargers won the IPL trophy.
Here, S1 is the Subject of the Passive and (by + Agent)
is optional.
̄ ̄ ̄
Examples: Subject Verb3 Object
Active: She loves you. Passive: The IPL trophy was won by the Deccan
̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄
Subject Verb5 Object Subject1 was Verb3 by Agent
Passive: You are loved by her. Chargers.
̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ Likewise,
Subject1 are Verb3 by Agent Active: She sold a jewellery.
Likewise, Passive: A jewellery was sold by her.
Active : Hira calls Simpy. (e) Past Imperfect
̄ ̄ ̄ The construction of Active Voice here is –
Subject Verb5 Object Subject + was / were + Verb (+ing) + Object
Passive: Simpy is called by Hira. The construction of Passive Voice here is –
̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ Subject1 + was / were + being + Verb3 + (by + agent)
Subject1 is Verb3 by Agent Example:
(b) Present Imperfect Active: Karuna was practising tennis.
The construction of Active Voice here is – ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄
Subject + am / is / are + Verb (+ing) + Object Subject was Verb (+ing) Object
The construction of Passive Voice here is – Passive: Tennis was being practised by Karuna.
Subject1 + am / is / are + being + Verb3 + (by + ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄
agent) Subject1 was being + Verb3 by Agent
Example: Likewise,
Active: Sonu is singing a song. Active: Pinki was making a doll.
̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ Passive: A doll was being made by Pinki.
Subject is Verb (+ing) Object (f) Past Perfect
The construction of Active Voice here is –
Passive: A song is being sung by Sonu.
Subject + had + Verb2 + Object
̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ The construction of Passive Voice here is –
Subject1 is being sung by Agent Subject1 + had been + Verb3 + (by + agent)
Likewise, Example:
Active: They are playing chess. Active: He had called her.
Passive: Chess is being played by them. ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄
(c) Present Perfect Subject had Verb3 Object
The construction of Active Voice here is – Passive: She had been called by him.
Subject + has / have + Verb3 Object ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄
The construction of Passive Voice here is – Subject1 had been Verb3 by Agent
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